Lawless

SYNOPSIS Creates diversionary program for juveniles who are criminally charged for â€Å"sexting† or posting sexual images. CURRENT VERSION OF TEXT As introduced. An Act creating a diversionary program for certain juveniles, and amending P. L. 1982, c. 81 and supplementing Title 2A of the New Jersey Statutes. Be It Enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey: 1. Section 2 of P. L. 1982, c. 81 (C. 2A:4A-71) is amended to read as follows: 2. Review and processing of complaints. a. The jurisdiction of the court in any complaint filed pursuant to section 11 of P. L. 1982, c. 77 (C. A:4A-30) shall extend to the juvenile who is the subject of the complaint and his parents or guardian. b. Every complaint shall be reviewed by court intake services for recommendation as to whether the complaint should be dismissed, diverted, or referred for court action. Where the complaint alleges a crime which, if committed by an adult, would be a crime of the first, second, third or fourth degree, or alleges a repetitive disorderly persons offense or any disorderly persons offense defined in chapter 35 or chapter 36 of Title 2C, the complaint shall be referred for court action, unless the prosecutor otherwise consents to diversion.Court intake services shall consider the following factors in determining whether to recommend diversion: (1) The seriousness of the alleged offense or conduct and the circumstances in which it occurred; (2) The age and maturity of the juvenile; (3) The risk that the juvenile presents as a substantial danger to others; (4) The family circumstances, including any history of drugs, alcohol abuse or child abuse on the part of the juvenile, his parents or guardian; (5) The nature and number of contacts with court intake services and the court that the juvenile or his family have had; 6) The outcome of those contacts, including the services to which the juvenile or family have been referred and the results of those referrals; (7) The availability of appropriate services outside referral to the court; (8) Any recommendations expressed by the victim or complainant, or arresting officer, as to how the case should be resolved; [and] (9) Any recommendation expressed by the county prosecutor; and (10) The offense alleged is an eligible offense pursuant to section 3 of P. L. , c. (C. (pending before the Legislature as this bill) and the juvenile is eligible to participate in the educational reform program set forth section 3 of P. L. ,c. (C. )(pending before the Legislature as this bill). (cf: P. L. 1988, c. 44, s. 17) 2. (New section) Where a complaint against a juvenile pursuant to section 11 of P. L. 1982, c. 77 (C. 2A:4A-30) alleges that the juvenile has committed an eligible offense satisfying the criteria set forth in subsection c. of section 3 of P. L. , c. (C. ) (pending before he Legislature as this bill) and the court has approved diversion of the complaint pursuant to section 4 of P. L. 1982, c. 81 (C. 2A:4A-73) the resolution of the complaint shall include participation in an educational program set forth in 3 of P. L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill). 3. (New section). a. As used in P. L. , c. (C. )(pending before the Legislature as this bill), â€Å"eligible offense† means an offense in which: (1) the facts of the case involve the creation, exhibition or distribution of a photograph depicting nudity as defined in N.J. S. 2C:24-4 through the use of an electronic communication device, an interactive wireless communications device or a computer; and (2) the creator and subject of the photograph are juveniles or were juveniles at the time of its making. b. The Attorney General, in consultation with the Administrative Director of the Administrative Office of the Courts, shall develop an educational program for juveniles who have committed an eligible offense as defined under the provisions of subsection a. of this section.A juvenile who successfully co mpletes the program shall have the opportunity to avoid prosecution for the eligible offense. c. Admission to the program shall be limited to cases where: (1) the juvenile has not previously been adjudicated delinquent for or convicted of a crime or offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute aggravated sexual assault; sexual assault; aggravated assault; aggravated criminal sexual contact; endangering the welfare of a child pursuant to N. J. S. 2C:24-4; luring or enticing a child pursuant to section 1 of P. L. 1993, c. 291 (C. C:13-6); luring or enticing an adult pursuant to section 1 of P. L. 2005, c. 1 (C. 2C:13-7) or an attempt to commit any of the enumerated offenses; (2) the juvenile was not aware that his actions could constitute and did not have the intent to commit a criminal offense; (3) there is a likelihood that the juvenile’s offense is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his participation in the educational program; and (4) the benefits to society in admitting the juvenile into this educational program outweigh the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution. . The educational program shall provide information concerning: (1) the legal consequences of and penalties for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials, including applicable federal and State statutes; (2) the non-legal consequences of sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities, and being barred or removed from school programs and extracurricular activities; 3) how the unique characteristics of cyberspace and the Internet, including searchibility, replicability, and an infinite audience, can produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials; and (4) the possible connection between bullying and cyber-bullying and juveniles sharing sexually suggest ive or explicit materials. e. The Attorney General may promulgate guidelines to effectuate the provisions of this act. 4. This act shall take effect on the first day of the seventh month after enactment. STATEMENTThis bill establishes an educational program as an alternative to prosecution for certain juveniles who are charged with a criminal offense for posting sexually suggestive or sexually explicit photographs, or who engage in the behavior commonly known as â€Å"sexting,† in which these pictures are transmitted via cell phones. The bill provides that where a complaint against a juvenile alleges that the juvenile has committed an â€Å"eligible offense† and the court approves diversion of the complaint, the resolution of the complaint would include participation in the educational program created by the bill.The bill defines an â€Å"eligible offense† as an offense in which: (1) the facts of the case involve the creation, exhibition or distribution of a pho tograph depicting nudity as defined in N. J. S. A. 2C:24-4 through the use of an electronic communication device, an interactive wireless communications device or a computer; and (2) the creator and subject of the photograph are juveniles or were juveniles at the time of its making. Under the bill, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Administrative Office of the Courts, would develop an educational program for these juveniles.A juvenile who successfully completes the program would have the opportunity to avoid prosecution for the offense. Admission to the program would be limited to cases where: (1) the juvenile has not previously been adjudicated delinquent for or convicted of a crime or offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute aggravated sexual assault; sexual assault; aggravated assault; aggravated criminal sexual contact; endangering the welfare of a child; luring or enticing a child; luring or enticing an adult or an attempt to commit any of the enum erated offenses; 2) the juvenile was not aware that his actions could constitute, and did not have the intent to commit, a criminal offense; (3) there is a likelihood that the juvenile’s offense is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his participation in the educational program; and (4) the benefits to society in admitting the juvenile into this educational program outweigh the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution.The educational program would provide information concerning: (1) the legal consequences of and penalties for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials, including applicable federal and State statutes; (2) the non-legal consequences of sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities, and being barred or removed from school programs and extracurricular activities; 3) how the unique characte ristics of cyberspace and the Internet, including searchibility, replicability, and an infinite audience, can produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials; and (4) the possible connection between bullying and cyber-bullying and juveniles sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials. In addition, the bill amends N. J. S. A. 2A:4A-71 to specifically provide for the diversion of juveniles into the newly created educational program created under the bill as one of the enumerated recommendations which can be made by the court.SYNOPSIS Creates diversionary program for juveniles who are criminally charged for â€Å"sexting† or posting sexual images. CURRENT VERSION OF TEXT As introduced. An Act creating a diversionary program for certain juveniles, and amending P. L. 1982, c. 81 and supplementing Title 2A of the New Jersey Statutes. Be It Enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey: 1. Section 2 of P. L. 1982, c. 81 (C. 2A:4A-71) is amended to read as follows: 2. Review and processing of complaints. a. The jurisdiction of the court in any complaint filed pursuant to section 11 of P. L. 1982, c. 77 (C. A:4A-30) shall extend to the juvenile who is the subject of the complaint and his parents or guardian. b. Every complaint shall be reviewed by court intake services for recommendation as to whether the complaint should be dismissed, diverted, or referred for court action. Where the complaint alleges a crime which, if committed by an adult, would be a crime of the first, second, third or fourth degree, or alleges a repetitive disorderly persons offense or any disorderly persons offense defined in chapter 35 or chapter 36 of Title 2C, the complaint shall be referred for court action, unless the prosecutor otherwise consents to diversion.Court intake services shall consider the following factors in determining whether to recommend diversion: (1) The seriousness of the alleged offen se or conduct and the circumstances in which it occurred; (2) The age and maturity of the juvenile; (3) The risk that the juvenile presents as a substantial danger to others; (4) The family circumstances, including any history of drugs, alcohol abuse or child abuse on the part of the juvenile, his parents or guardian; (5) The nature and number of contacts with court intake services and the court that the juvenile or his family have had; 6) The outcome of those contacts, including the services to which the juvenile or family have been referred and the results of those referrals; (7) The availability of appropriate services outside referral to the court; (8) Any recommendations expressed by the victim or complainant, or arresting officer, as to how the case should be resolved; [and] (9) Any recommendation expressed by the county prosecutor; and (10) The offense alleged is an eligible offense pursuant to section 3 of P. L. , c. (C. (pending before the Legislature as this bill) and the juvenile is eligible to participate in the educational reform program set forth section 3 of P. L. ,c. (C. )(pending before the Legislature as this bill). (cf: P. L. 1988, c. 44, s. 17) 2. (New section) Where a complaint against a juvenile pursuant to section 11 of P. L. 1982, c. 77 (C. 2A:4A-30) alleges that the juvenile has committed an eligible offense satisfying the criteria set forth in subsection c. of section 3 of P. L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill) and the court has approved diversion of the complaint pursuant to section 4 of P.L. 1982, c. 81 (C. 2A:4A-73) the resolution of the complaint shall include participation in an educational program set forth in 3 of P. L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill). 3. (New section). a. As used in P. L. , c. (C. )(pending before the Legislature as this bill), â€Å"eligible offense† means an offense in which: (1) the facts of the case involve the creation, exhibition or distribution of a photograph depicting nudity as defined in N. J. S. 2C:24-4 through the use of an electronic communication device, an interactive wireless communications device or a computer; and 2) the creator and subject of the photograph are juveniles or were juveniles at the time of its making. b. The Attorney General, in consultation with the Administrative Director of the Administrative Office of the Courts, shall develop an educational program for juveniles who have committed an eligible offense as defined under the provisions of subsection a. of this section. A juvenile who successfully completes the program shall have the opportunity to avoid prosecution for the eligible offense. c.Admission to the program shall be limited to cases where: (1) the juvenile has not previously been adjudicated delinquent for or convicted of a crime or offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute aggravated sexual assault; sexual assault; aggravated assault; aggravated criminal sexual contact; en dangering the welfare of a child pursuant to N. J. S. 2C:24-4; luring or enticing a child pursuant to section 1 of P. L. 1993, c. 291 (C. 2C:13-6); luring or enticing an adult pursuant to section 1 of P. L. 2005, c. 1 (C. C:13-7) or an attempt to commit any of the enumerated offenses; (2) the juvenile was not aware that his actions could constitute and did not have the intent to commit a criminal offense; (3) there is a likelihood that the juvenile’s offense is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his participation in the educational program; and (4) the benefits to society in admitting the juvenile into this educational program outweigh the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution. . The educational program shall provide information concerning: (1) the legal consequences of and penalties for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials, including applicable federal and State statutes; (2) the non-legal consequences of sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities, and being barred or removed from school programs and extracurricular activities; 3) how the unique characteristics of cyberspace and the Internet, including searchibility, replicability, and an infinite audience, can produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials; and (4) the possible connection between bullying and cyber-bullying and juveniles sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials. e. The Attorney General may promulgate guidelines to effectuate the provisions of this act. 4. This act shall take effect on the first day of the seventh month after enactment. STATEMENTThis bill establishes an educational program as an alternative to prosecution for certain juveniles who are charged with a criminal offense for posting sexually suggestive or sexually explicit pho tographs, or who engage in the behavior commonly known as â€Å"sexting,† in which these pictures are transmitted via cell phones. The bill provides that where a complaint against a juvenile alleges that the juvenile has committed an â€Å"eligible offense† and the court approves diversion of the complaint, the resolution of the complaint would include participation in the educational program created by the bill.The bill defines an â€Å"eligible offense† as an offense in which: (1) the facts of the case involve the creation, exhibition or distribution of a photograph depicting nudity as defined in N. J. S. A. 2C:24-4 through the use of an electronic communication device, an interactive wireless communications device or a computer; and (2) the creator and subject of the photograph are juveniles or were juveniles at the time of its making. Under the bill, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Administrative Office of the Courts, would develop an educatio nal program for these juveniles.A juvenile who successfully completes the program would have the opportunity to avoid prosecution for the offense. Admission to the program would be limited to cases where: (1) the juvenile has not previously been adjudicated delinquent for or convicted of a crime or offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute aggravated sexual assault; sexual assault; aggravated assault; aggravated criminal sexual contact; endangering the welfare of a child; luring or enticing a child; luring or enticing an adult or an attempt to commit any of the enumerated offenses; 2) the juvenile was not aware that his actions could constitute, and did not have the intent to commit, a criminal offense; (3) there is a likelihood that the juvenile’s offense is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his participation in the educational program; and (4) the benefits to society in admitting the juvenile into this educational program outweigh the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution.The educational program would provide information concerning: (1) the legal consequences of and penalties for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials, including applicable federal and State statutes; (2) the non-legal consequences of sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities, and being barred or removed from school programs and extracurricular activities; 3) how the unique characteristics of cyberspace and the Internet, including searchibility, replicability, and an infinite audience, can produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials; and (4) the possible connection between bullying and cyber-bullying and juveniles sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials. In addition, the bill amends N. J. S. A. 2A:4A-71 to specifically provide for the diversion of juveniles into the newly created educational program created under the bill as one of the enumerated recommendations which can be made by the court.

Considering Your Audience Essay

The three views to wri? ng to an audience are classical, cogni? ve, and social views. They all vary in their own aspects, but all of them have great methods for wri? ng. Classical view is the same as classical wri? ng from our classical world. It is comprised of di? erent components: theory, analysis and imita? on, and prac? ce, classical view has to do with an audience that is iden able age, demographics, religion is appropriate for and audience that we do not know. It helps writers prac? ce gramma? cal, logical, and rhetorical skills, as well as  thoughts of imita? on and persuasive communica? on. A cogni? ve view has to do with the way a writer transfers his ideas together to an unknown audience. In this view, writers analyze how people process and read the informa? on presented to them, in term the writer uses his mo? va? on to consider the level of his audience. A good example would be reading a textbook, the ideas designed to teach or inform unknown audiences. There are highlighted ideas as if a textbook would have to help guide you through the book to make it a whole. Social view is more speci?  c and dependent on what one is wri? ng. Social view style comes from some type of interac? on, which is predominantly used to a%ract readers on a speci? c topic from talking about things that audience is interested in. I thinking that maybe a social view would be like wri? ng a biography. Alterna? vely, maybe social media? The view that I o’en use in wri? ng is normally cogni? ve. due to the fact that I serve in the military I like to develop my ideas and thoughts ? rst, then guide my audience through my process and possibly to my conclusion.

Nigeria and the Oil Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nigeria and the Oil Industry - Essay Example The paper also includes governmental policies with respect to oil industry. Trade Theory The companies do not necessarily trade to take advantages of the difference in their production and manufacturing capabilities but also to get benefit of the increasing returns. International trade has emerged over a period of time to be recognised as a key component in a nation’s growth and to enhance its economic performance. The new trade theory as introduced included a concept of ‘interindustry trade’. This allowed the trading practice between various industries belonging to different economies (Menipaz & Menipaz, 2011). The trade theory also states that the government of the nations can adopt necessary measures in developing the economic conditions of the citizens. The government of Nigeria is needed to take necessary steps involving the international trade practices (Bergoeing, 2003). A company is said to have achieved absolute advantage if it is capable of producing mor e goods than its competitors with the utilisation of same amount of resources or manufactures same quantity of goods with the utilization of minimum resources compared to its competitors. In this context, it is worth mentioning that Nigeria being one of the largest reserve nations of natural resources could have gained this advantage but due to the lack in advanced amenities and structures, and adequate law enforcement, the nation is deprived of this advantage (Bergoeing, 2003). In the era of international business, economic as well as social importances of international trade have played their role as the deriving theories influencing the international trading business (The Economy Watch, 2010). The Nigerian oil industry is facing instability with respect to declining condition of Niger delta adversely affecting the national economy and the sustainable growth of the related industry. Nigeria is included among the top ten nations that are considered to have richest reserves of oil o r natural resources. The main problem of Nigeria is that it has certain lacking in terms of advanced technology and infrastructure related to oil industry. As one of the major impacts of globalisation, the industry is facing tremendous competition from the outsiders (Foreign competitors). As stated by Adolor Uwamu, CEO of Seawolf Oilfield Services, the drilling for oil and gas is being carried out by the foreign companies in Nigeria and this has been a factor for the past 40 years (CNN, 2011; The Economy Watch, 2010). Participation of Nigerian Oil Industry in International Trade Nigeria’s international trade and export is significantly dependent on the oil and natural gas industry. After the introduction of economic reforms which was in the year 2005, the government of Nigeria has paid adequate attention in diversifying the nation’s export related profile. Oil and natural gas are considered as the primary products that are being exported of Nigeria. The nation is noted to export about 2.327 million of barrels daily, according to statistics of the year 2007 (The Economy Watch, 2010) as illustrated in the below figure: Nigeria’s Export Volume Source: (The Economy Watch, 2010). Globalisation and Regionalisation Nigerian government has taken necessary steps to reduce the exploitation of oil of Niger delta and declination of oil

Do you feel that speech is really free Why or why not Essay

Do you feel that speech is really free Why or why not - Essay Example But does this really exist in our society today? Some groups of citizen, especially the military, who are supposed to be protected by this freedom, continue to have limitation on how free they can express themselves through speech. The following paper seeks to show ways in which this freedom of speech has been diluted and can no longer be termed as freedom. The first amendment assures that one has the right to say what they want but with little exclusion. It however does not protect people from the consequences of their actions or words if it may offend others. There are large files and documents in the legal environment that pose rules and regulations on what one can say, when it can be said, in which surroundings it can be conveyed and to whom it is told. Is this freedom of speech? By definition, this clearly does not reflect any democracy. Even though different countries put different weights on discretion of what can be said, there lacks a single country whether in the west or east which fully allows its citizens to express themselves freely. In fact, all countries expect political correctness in one way or another. Americans may be comparatively free to air our views compared to some countries where this subject of writing will lead to incarceration, harassment or even punishable by death (Curtis). The United States of America and the United Kingdom are praised for upholding democracy and protecting a good number of basic human rights including the freedom of speech. However, this is mostly perceived by those living outside these countries and more so in the third world countries. However, individuals like bloggers and political activists feel over-controlled and violated in regards to what can and cannot be said. A good example is expression by two people where one expresses himself by waiving a flag and the other by burning it. The two are treated differently. The one waving the flag will be assumed to be exercising his freedom of

Californias Cultural Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Californias Cultural Evolution - Essay Example There are many literatures romanticizing the richness of its civilization but the fact remains that these social groups were hunters and gatherers with some already having some semblance of agricultural knowledge. When the Spaniards came with their swords and their cross, the bow and arrow wielding natives were forced to become 'civilized' which stood for adapting and tailoring their customs and habits according to European culture. The Native Americans who were conquered soon became mini Spaniards because they shifted their beliefs and customs to mimic those of the colonizers and most importantly, they traded their native tongue for Spanish words. Although many native groups which were left alone resumed their hunting and gathering orientation, most of the inhabitants of California have become agriculturally oriented especially with the establishment of Ranchos. These areas were the land where cattle and sheep were raised. It was granted by the Spanish and Mexican regimes to encourage settlement. The domestic animals soon became important exports such as cow hides and fat used to make candles and soaps. Not only were they affected in language and way of subsistence, they also experienced the religious transformation that had become the mark of Spanish colonies. This was due to the California Missions which saw the construction religious outposts of major sects of Christian religion such as the Dominicans and the Jesuits. These missions were also the avenue thru which European livestock, fruits, vegetables and industry entered the California region. From their old set of animistic beliefs, which others in the past would call as pagan, the Native Americans became Christian primarily because they had no choice but to wield to the interests of the colonizers who had superior arms. The Gold Rush Mexicans broke the Spanish rule only to be replaced by Americans during the Mexican-American War in 1846. American domination paved the way for the occurrence of events which would radically transform the society of California. Two years after the American conquest of California, gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill in the Sierra Nevada foothills. The discovery led to a remarkable event in California's history and is aptly termed as the Gold Rush. With the discovery came an exodus of miners, merchants and bankers into the region. It was estimated that in 1855, about 300,000 Forty-Niners or those hoping to get a piece of gold arrived in the region. California saw a precipitous rise in settlements especially along San Francisco Bay. The significance of the Gold Rush was that it transformed the formerly agricultural region to a mining and profit oriented society though agriculture was still an integral part. This had the effect of bringing in capital to the region thereby sponsoring a boom in infrastructures and developments in housing and education. The immigrants were by no means illiterate and untrained. In fact, they were highly skilled and trained in their profession. The immigrants had knowledge as teamsters, draymen, lighter men, riggers, stevedores, bakers,

Weekly Journal #6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weekly Journal #6 - Assignment Example As described by Nichols (2013), stories told by people have great power to reshape their future. Additional point is that contrary to Systems and Psychoanalysis views, Narrative Therapy argues that family problems arise when people hold self-defeating views and experience. Furthermore, it is evident that Narrative Family Therapy concerns with impacts of problem(s) and not family members or solutions, as does Solution-Focused Family Therapy. As a counselor, one can find Solution-Focused Family Therapy an effective and reliable treatment technique. The fact that the model discourages concentration on problems of a family but encourages search for solutions makes it instrumental in providing emotional support to the troubled family members. A counselor can use the approach to empower family members open up and propose solutions to the underlying problems (Nichols, 2013). With Solution-Focused Therapy, a counselor can encourage and lead the client family members to talk positive about their situation, which influences positive emotions that can help in easing recovery. One of the insights that the readings of this week unveiled is that family members maintain problems with their negative views of the problems. This occurs when family members unsuccessfully used few strategies to resolve problems and never sought for alternatives. To treat such a family requires that a counselor encourage positive view and perception about the presenting problems. Another insight is that Solution-Focused Family Therapy is slightly similar to MRI in that both view family problems as failure of members to explore and try alternative strategies or measures in solving their problems (Nichols, 2013). Another insight is that Narrative and Solution-Focused Family Therapies cannot work interchangeably to resolve single-family problems. This is because, while Solution-Focused Therapy focuses on solutions, Narrative Therapy concerns with impacts of problem(s) on a given

Health care marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Health care marketing - Essay Example This is because of the parental care at the tender age and the lack of the children’s legal capacity to make decisions. The legal duty of care and parents’ moral obligation to care for their children also means that the children are subjected to their parents’ preferences. As a result, parents are the right decision makers that should be targeted as the audience. The statement is valid because the 4Ps are elements that are within a management’s control and are instrumental in creating value and enlisting a desired response from the customers. Products that meet consumers needs as well as fair prices relative to perceived quality adds value to customers’ utility while successful promotion and a convenient place ensures awareness and accessibility of the created value in quality and fair prices towards consumers’ response. The 4Ps therefore facilitates creation of value and generation of a positive

Identification of novel human cancer-specific antigens Literature review

Identification of novel human cancer-specific antigens - Literature review Example   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, opportunities to develop cancer treatment demonstrated promising results (Haffner et al., 2001; Jager, Jager, and Knuth, 2002; Fijak and Meinhardt, 2006; Park, Lin, Nishidate, Nakamura & Katagiri, 2006;   Tabi and Man, 2006;   Ã‚  Hayashi et al., 2007; Meklat et al., 2007; Dakshinamurthy, Ramesar, Goldberg and Blackburn, 2008; Hunder et al., 2008; Old, 2008; Caballero and Chen, 2009; Chen et al., 2009; Dubovsky et al., 2009; Fard and Modaressi, 2009; Vujanovic and Butterfield, 2009). Consequently, pioneering research in the search for effective cancer vaccines has produced cancer/testis antigens such as MAGE, GAGE, and NY-ESO-1 which are currently undergoing clinical trials (Mashino et al. 2001; Bowlus, 2007; Gierstoff and Ditzel, 2008). Each year more cancer/testis antigens are being identified, creating more opportunities for research and increasing the chances of developing cancer vaccines that can be used not only for treatments, but for prevention as well (Jager, Jager, and Knuth, 2002). Also, research on cancer/testis antigens has brought to light important discoveries on how mechanisms of cancer development work at a molecular level (Alters, 2000; Old, 2001; Gjerstoff, Kock, Nielsen and Ditzel, 2007; Delbridge, 2010; Inagaki, Schoenmakers and Baarends, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2010). Moreover, studies on the link between chromosomes and immune responses reveal that some cancers are more prevalent in males than in females. In addition, results also show that females may have higher cancer survival rates but are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases (Libert, Dejager and Pinheiro, 2010). Further research on the role of cancer/testis antigens should be conducted, particularly in determining the mechanisms that initiate cancer in the first place. Also, further studies should be performed to developed better cancer diagnostic methods and combination immunotherapy

Accounting & Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting & Finance - Research Paper Example Question 2 The following is a list of the assets and liabilities of a firm at a particular date. Â £ Premises owned by the firm 20,000 Money owed by the firm to its creditors 3,000 Stock owned by the firm 8,500 Loan received by the firm from a bank 100 The firm's capital at that date is: A. Â £25,400 B. Â £25,600 C. Â £31,400 D. Â £31,600 ... Lists all of the entries in its double-entry accounting records. Is a list of all of the balances brought down in its double-entry accounting records. Question 9 If a sole trader's capital at the beginning of a year was 100,000 and his net profit for the year was 20,000, his capital at the end of the year...... Question 9 answers Cannot be determined from the information given. was 80,000 Was 100,000 Was 120,000 Question 10 A balance sheet is....... Question 10 answers A ledger account, proving that the accounting records 'balance'. A statement showing the market value of firm. A listing, in a particular format, of the balances brought down remaining in the double-entry accounts after the profit and loss account has been prepared. A statement showing the market value of assets and liabilites. Question 11 The following information relates to a sole trader. Total of all assets at 1 June 2,300 Total of all liabilities at 1 June 2,500 Net profit earned during June 1,000 Drawings during June 700 Capital introduced during June 5,000 The sole trader's capital at 30 June was: Question 11 answers 5,100 5,300 5,500 5,600 Question 12 The correct heading for the balance sheet of J. Burton at the end of December 2006 is 'Balance sheet of J. Burton........ Question 12 answers for the period ended 31 December 2006 for the year ended 31 December 2006 as at 31 December 2006 as at 31 December 2005 Question 13 Which

Containing Acinetobacter Baumannii Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Containing Acinetobacter Baumannii - Case Study Example The pneumonia cases area further proof that indeed it was A.baumannii (Bruijn, 2011, p. 129). Among those most likely to get infected are those who recently had a surgical procedure, those with weak immune systems, those recently from an intensive care unit, and those with poor health. Someone who recently took antibiotics has a catheter or came into contact with another one harboring the bacteria also has a high chance of getting infected.   It is genetically transmitted from other organisms and found in pairs or in groups. It causes many life-threatening illnesses among them blood infection where it either enters through a catheter placed in one’s vein or when an infection spreads from another part of the body to the blood. It also causes meningitis especially after brain or spinal cord surgery; it could also occur if one has a drain or a shunt in their brain. Catheters used to drain urine put one at the risk of contracting A.baumannii and getting a urinary tract infection. Pneumonia is another disease caused by this particular bacteria strain (Bergogne-Bà ©rà ©zin and Fewson, 1991, p. 119).   Since A.baumannii is resistant to most first-line antibiotics among them Ciproflaxin, Gentamicin and Colistin and desiccation, containing an outbreak is usually a hard task for the health authorities. Besides requiring expensive drugs for its control, a lot of care needs to be taken to avoid further spread of the same (Schlossberg, 2008, p. 87). Research into its characteristics is also expensive, requiring a lot of equipment to isolate and test it. Since it also puts those inflicted by wounds at a higher level of infection, it is hard containing it in places with many injured people like wars. It also presents another hurdle in controlling it by causing diseases that have other causes (Bowden, Ljungman, and Snydman, 2010, p. 28).

Teens Marriage Essay Example for Free

Teens Marriage Essay People under the age of eighteen should not be allowed to get marry, because at the end of the day they’re still teenagers. Even though they are young adults, they still don’t get the meaning of being married and I dont think they would be mature enough to take that responsibility, their mentality is not ready yet to play that role. Many young adults marry so young because of various reasons. Numerous of teenagers get marry because of pregnancy. However, it’s almost never the case of marrying someone because of love, which is the way many marriages should be based on. Sadly it is not. Pregnancy is the most common reason why young adults get married so young. Some guys feel that if they get their girlfriend pregnant, that it’s their job to take care of their responsibility, which should never be the case. If you and your boyfriend/girlfriend are not ready to take the big step by getting married and supporting each other, then you should never feel that it’s what you have to do for the baby. It will only cause more confusion for the kid. A seventy percent of this kids, when their parents get divorced they end up doing something bad, like getting into drugs or alcohol. So its way better if you don’t get married at a young age. Today’s generation of young adults live their lives so differently. In the United States, half of teen marriages dissolve within fifteen years of the marriage. The reason of this is because many young adults jump right into marriages without any experience. For instance, I’m pretty sure that when teenagers under the age of twenty get married their usually just leaving their parents care and aren’t use to taking care of themselves as far as paying bills, groceries, car insurance and other things that come along with being a responsible adult. When you move out and get married things change. If you want to be supported by your spouse then you have to do the same. Never jump right into a marriage if you’re not ready, it’s only going to make the marriage worst and it will end earlier than you had anticipated on. As a conclusion, there is an overwhelming body of evidence to demonstrate that marriages between young partners simply do not last. At 16, you cant drive, vote, serve actively in the Army, drink or buy cigarettes. Clearly, someone who is not of an age to be given full responsibility for their life should not be encouraged to marry and start a family. We need to accept that teens, whilst being normally sexually active, are simply not mature enough to marry. This is why I think that people under the age of eighteen should not be allowed to get marry.

Snow White Gender Roles Essay Example for Free

Snow White Gender Roles Essay The story of Snow White begins as all other fairy tales. The lovely queen bares a beautiful little girl but doesn’t get the chance to see her grow up. Snow Whites father remarried a beautiful woman and she just knew she was the most beautiful woman ever. Snow White became older and her beauty began to show more and more as the days went by, more beauty then the queen had. Of course the queen became very upset with this and ordered that Snow White was killed so that she can take back her place as the prettiest in the land. The hunter found Snow White in the woods but he couldn’t kill her. He told her to run away and to never come back home and gave the queen a pig’s heart instead. Snow mad her way to a little cottage and stayed there until the queen found out what happened she found her and poisoned her. End the end the queen died and Snow was saved by her prince and rode off into the sunset. Now in this story there are many males’ roles and only two females and they have many roles they each portray in a fairy-tale. Snow White’s gender roles included; the evil queen, the hero, and the damsel in distress. The queen is usually mean throughout the entire story, but in this one she wasn’t always this way. When snow white was little the queen was a somewhat nice/decent person until she Johnson pg.2 realized her step daughter looked better than her. Now in reality this is possible maybe not in the since of the step mother killing the child but getting rid of them. They more envy she gives off the more disturbing she becomes because she is no longer focused on her on wellbeing but hurting someone else. Sometimes females get so carried up with what other girls are doing trying to make them look bad but they forget all about taking care of themselves. The queen thought that killing snow white would make her life easier but it only got worse every time she tried until she met her death. Women get to the point where trying to make someone else suffers and end being the one hurt in the end because they put too much effort. The hero in this story would be of course the handsome prince who saves little snow white and brings her back to life. In reality a woman’s hero is not necessarily someone who saves our live but the one who is there in our time of need. The prince knew nothing of snow white until he seen her in the glass coffin. He only shows up when she needs help kind of like now when a woman is need sometimes a nice man just comes along to help and to make our day better. The seven dwarfs were like family to snow. They gave her somewhere to stay and food to eat as long as she does the chores. In life if you have an issue there is always a family member that will take you and help you out through those hard times. Now as far as snow white herself would be the damsel in distress. A beautiful young lady who has someone out to get her but then is rescued by the man of her dreams. In her role there is nothing she can do except run away and let other want to they just were never taught to do so. A royal persons role in life is stand there give orders and to look nice. Therefore they don’t learn the basic roles of survival. So with the descriptions of all the characters we now see that the role of the men in this story is to protect Johnson pg. 3 roles of the women were to look pretty and do no outside work. The narrative’s point of view of snow white was kind of hard to understand but as I continued to read I understood exactly what he/she was trying to say. The witch from the narrator’s view was that she grew to be so evil is because snow became so beautiful so fast, she thought that everyone else would forget all about her and that she would never be loved again. The more the story went on the more jealous the queen got. It even got to the point to where she changed her identity just to set snow up for death. The narrator makes the queen seem like the absolute worst person on earth but she actually is just like any other woman who felt someone is threating her territory and took action to stop it. Snow White is supposed to be the typical princess who picks out the pretty dresses and waits for her handsome prince to come sweep her off her feet. The narrator describes her as the princess who has to work for what she wants. Princesses don’t run away from the castle because their step mother is trying to kill them. Snow had to hide herself in order to live. She had to find a home, food, and some way to support her until she got on her feet or found the prince she’s been looking for. The narrator described snow as a hard working young lady. She cooked, cleaned, and with the help of the animals she even redecorated the dwarf’s home. The prince in the narrator’s point of view is the one who knew what he was looking for he just didn’t know where to look for it until that day he found the little house sitting in the woods not knowing that he would find the love of his life lying in a glass casket. Although he wasn’t talked about much in this story, the narrator viewed him as brave young man who saved the most fairly of them all, and he was. Now the dwarfs in the narrator’s point of view were Johnson pg. 4 snow’s little helpers. Even though she found them first and kind of took over their home, they were still willing to let her in. They were sort of like her foster parents, how they looked after her and cared for her. Snow White has many descriptions on the actions that both sex in the story. For instance when the prince found snow she wasn’t in your typical big puffy ball gown dancing around the room with other women and she just so happen to stand out him. She was lying dead in a coffin made of glass and he fell in love with her there. When someone actually thinks about a prince finding his princess they don’t see him randomly going into the woods to find a coffin with a beautiful young lady lying their lifeless. She is supposed to be alive waiting on him to come to her home and take her as his wife. Princesses are to dressed in the most exquisite dresses and the long hair flowing down her back having everything she wants, snow wasn’t like that. Snow had on the simple little dress with short hair and in the story it seems like she didn’t actually get everything she wanted. She went through hell to get the man of her dreams from running from the hunter to the poison apple, even losing her mother when she a little girl. In society today the royal court isn’t really like the story at all. They don’t really have to work or do chores. Snow had to clean up after seven dirty men every day, that’s not a typical princess. Also when the queen dies and the king does remarry he doesn’t just put his child aside and worry only about his new wife. Snow’s father isn’t mentioned in this story really at all as if he just left soon as the mother died. Kind of like now how some kids start off with their father then one day he just up and disappears. The queen hiring someone to kill her stepchild, that Johnson pg. 5 doesn’t happen in the world today. The queen doesn’t really have the power to order someone be killed because it’s the king’s job. Snow found the dwarfs home in the woods and just walked in and started cleaning and eating, basically making herself at home. The dwarf’s come home expecting their home to be exactly the way it was when the left not for it to be cleaned, food cooked and for a strange woman to be in as if she belong there. In society today she would have went to jail for breaking and entering. The roles in this story are completely different not only in the world today, but from any other fairy there is today. The women actually took charge and worked for what they wanted. And as for the men they set back and watch the women proceed through out day to day making sure everything that needs to be done gets done, not your everyday royal family.

Understanding Of The Caste System In India

Understanding Of The Caste System In India There is a vast literature on Caste system in India with a long and diverse background. This chapter aims to review some of the relevant literatures pertaining to the caste system prevailing in India. Different authors might have varied perceptions about this particular topic for discussion. M.N.Srinivas (1962) in his book Caste in Modern India and Other Essays, highlights the part played by caste in democratic processes of modern India in administration and education. The author came across certain conflicting attitudes among the people of the elite class whereby one group wanted legislation to eradicate the social evils pertaining to the caste system and on the other hand, there were people who were not only determined not to fight the evil but also tried to practise this system. In his work he tries to explain the concepts of two social processes namely Sanskritization and Westernization. Sankritization is the part of social mobility as well as the idiom in which mobility expresses itself. This is said to occur within the framework of caste whereas Westernization happens outside the framework of caste. However, Sanskritisation may lead to castes becoming unpopular with their neighbours whereby the leaders of upper or dominant caste may show their bitterness by even to rturing the members of the lower castes. In independent India, the reservations and safeguards granted to the backwards sections especially the Scheduled Caste and Tribes have helped in the upliftment of the lower caste. He also brings into notice the effects of British rule on the caste system which in a way helped in taking over the power previously exercised by the caste panchayats. A new principle of justice was introduced by the British which said all men are equal before the law, and that the nature of a wrong is not affected by the caste of a person who is committing it, or by the caste of the person against whom it is committed (M.N.Srinivas, 1962). This has not been fully followed in the rural areas where caste panchayats are still functioning strongly. The author argues that the Varna system has certainly warped the caste but it has enabled ordinary folks to comprehend the caste system by providing them with a simple and candid system that is applicable to all parts of Ind ia. To the question of can castes exists in the India of tomorrow the author opines that only a minority considers caste as an evil to the whole nation and that this minority is gradually increasing every day. Moreover in rural areas it is possible to come across urbanized young people who consider caste detrimental to healthy relations between people. He concludes by saying that nothing else but the people themselves must understand that caste necessarily means casteism and that benefits it offers are bought at a heavy price for the country as a whole. Taya.Zinkin (1962) in her book Caste Today describes the caste system in India. She considers its origin, the way it works, what democracy is doing to caste and vice versa. In her work she states that caste is not class and that every caste has educated and uneducated, rich and poor, well born and ordinary born. The author also says that caste is not dependent on colour because a Brahmin will not stop being a Brahmin if he is black skinned nor does an untouchable stop being one if he is fair skinned. She also argues that caste is not based on occupation, however various other literatures may not completely agree to what this author states. According to her caste is a way of life which divides society into small groups, each of which lives in a rather different way from the rest. Due to these differences, tiny groups and important aspects of life like marriage take place within them, these groups have immense control of power and thus a better survival. Before she goes into the detail s of castes, sub- castes and untouchability she tries to explain the concept of re- incarnation. It is said that the whole system is based upon a combination of status fixed by birth and rebirth. This means that a persons birth in the existing life depends on the consequences of his deeds done in past life i.e. if one performs his duties well complying with what he is supposed to do then he may be reborn in a better situation or not be reborn at all. Marriage customs vary with castes and sub-castes. Untouchables usually make late marriages unlike the Brahmins who make early arranged child marriages. Finally Tan Zinkin(1962) talks about the beginnings of the breakdown and the loss of belief of the Hindu society. Change of attitudes among the castes and sub-castes were witnessed. More recently, loss of belief has been the result, of the spread of education to the rural areas. With education came an arousing of new expectations, which through much of the Indian peninsula produced a new non-Brahmanical leadership, a leadership which was not only non- Brahmin but positively anti -Brahmin (Tan Zinkin, 1962.pp38). Tan Zinkin has been pretty much argumentative on the concept of caste. She strongly says what caste in not rather than what caste is. The theory about re incarnation has helped me to know more about the birth and rebirth cycle with regard to the caste system. Marc Galanter (1963.pp 544-559) in his article Law and Caste in Modern India focuses on caste and laws pertaining to it during the British rule in India. He describes the way in which the legal rules and regulations affect the caste as an institution. The legal view of caste is explained under three headings namely personal law, caste autonomy and precedence and disabilities. First being legal rights and obligations of a person which is determined by the identity of the caste group to which he belongs. During the British period caste was little used for the occurrence of legal regulation and moreover all castes irrespective of their ranks had to follow the same rights and duties. However caste customs varied when it came to law of succession, law of adoption and law of marriage. Marriages between different castes or varnas were not allowed. Caste autonomy conferred some right to the caste groups to enforce certain rules which were not disturbed by the government. Precedence and disab ilities dealt with the legal interventions with regard to the relations between castes. Courts imposed certain rules such as restriction on the entry of a particular caste into temples. This shows that even though the British did help in reducing the caste discrimination, on the other hand they ended up aggravating it to a certain extent. The author also talks about the independent India where the higher castes have lost their dominance over legal matters and moreover the lower ahs castes have acquired certain government benefits regarding equality and other preferential treatments. Marc Galanter (1963) concludes this essay by saying that British period may be considered as a period ofSanskritzation in legal notion of caste. (1963.pp559) Caste- based oppression in India lives today in an environment seemingly hostile to its presence: a nation-state that has long been labelled the worlds Largest democracy, a progressive and protective constitution; a system of laws designed to proscribe and punish acts of a discrimination on the basis of caste; broad- based programmes of affirmative action that include constitutionally mandated reservations or quotas for Dalits or so- called Untouchables; and a aggressive economic liberalization campaign to fuel Indias economic growth. Says Smitha Narula(2008) in her article Equal by Law, Unequal by Caste: The Untouchable Condition in Critical Race Perspective. The author talks about the caste system and the discrimination attached to it and the inequality witnessed in India today focusing on the caste and gender- based discrimination and its impact on the Dalits of India. Dr.Santosh Singh Anant(1972) in his work The Changing Concept of Caste in India enumerates the psychological aspects of caste, inter- caste relations and of untouchability. He comments on the theory of status consistency and it is defined as the extent to which an individuals rank positions on a given hierarchies are at a comparable level (Rush, 1967). A Brahmin working as peon in an office and an untouchable or anyone from the lower caste working as a senior officer would be an apt example for status inconsistency. This is however happening due to the spread of education. He brings in one of the several views about the origin of caste system which dates back to 1500 B.C with the advent of Aryans from Central Asia. According to Nehru (1960) The Dravdians were the conquered race and Aryans the conquerors. Since the Dravidians were advanced in their civilization, Aryans considered them to be a potential threat to them. This is considered to be one of reasons why Aryans tried to push th e Dravidians to an inferior position and thus created the theory of four- Varnas or the caste system. The author also points out that socio-economic factors such as education, industrialization, and increase in mobility have abated the rate of discrimination of caste system. Sree Narayana Guru the Ascetic Who Changed the Lunatic Asylum into Gods Own Country is a biography written by Murkot Ramunny about a saint who lived in Kerala state in the Southern part of India. Narayana Guru was a philosopher as well as reformer who immensely contributed to the upliftment of lower castes in Kerala. He helped in bringing about freedom of prayer and education to millions of under privileged in Kerala. It is due to his selfless service to the society that Kerala has attained 100 percent literacy rate compared to other states in India. The author in his article informs us that, even the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi paid him a visit and took inspiration from Guru for the social Upliftment of the lower casts or Harijans (Untouchables). One caste one religion one god for man was his motto. It is years since I left caste and religion. Even then some people are working on presumption that I belong to their community. As a result, a wrong impression has been created in the minds of the people. I do not belong to any caste or religion. In order that only people who do not belong to any caste or religion should succeed me (Narayana Guru, 1091). This piece of literature has helped me in this dissertation to know more about the caste system prevalent in the state of Kerala. According to Harsh Mandir, in his article Burning Baskets of Shame (2010 August 9.pp3), he illustrates a real incident of manual scavenging which had happened in India couple of years back. The statistics shown by him in this article concerning the number of people doing manual scavenging was about 6.4 lacs according to the Planning Commission in 1995. He describes about a campaign named Safai Karmchari Andolan (SKA) which was started as a non-violent mass resistance to end this hideous practice of Manual Scavenging. This campaign was started by an individual who himself was born into a scavenging family who witnessed this abhorring practice from his childhood. As reported by Harsh Mandir in this article SKA is the first movement to end Untouchability in India. But it should be right to say that this was one of the many movements which had taken place in different part of India during different period. In the article The Indian Caste System by Madhudvisa Dasa (August 9, 2010) he tries to explain the caste system in relation to what has been written in the ancient scriptures. He quotes certain ideas from the Holy Book of Hindus, The Bhagavad Gita. The author sheds some light on theVedas, which says that the Varnas or castes are not differentiated on the basis of birth but my mere qualification (Guna) and work (karma). He assumes that the present caste system has degenerated to the extent that people consider men born in Brahmin families as a Brahmin even if he does not exhibit the qualities of a Brahmin. The author agrees to the fact that one takes rebirth according to his past deeds or karma but at the same time he says that in order to become a Brahmin adequate training is required and that it is not conferred automatically by birth as seen in the present generation. Indias hidden apartheid (UNESCO Courier, 2001.pp27-29); an article written by Gopal Guru and Shiraz Sidhva criticizes the abhorrent caste system in India. The article opens with a note which says Indias ancient caste system persists, subjecting millions to degrading poverty and human rights abuses. Attitudes die hard, despite government legislations to usher in change. They comment on the caste system as a means of deployment by the upper caste to suppress the lower caste and thus attain a monopoly over the wealth, knowledge, power and education. The extent of discrimination was immense that these so called untouchables were forced to use drums in order to announce their arrival so that the upper caste is not polluted even by their shadow falling on them. This article informs us that the term untouchables was abolished in 1950 under the constitution of India but there still exists a glimpse of discrimination against them. India has however tried to reduce the discrimination by reserv ing quotas and reservations for the lower castes in education and for government jobs. Caste in doubt: The Indian Census and Caste (2010.June 12, pp46), an article which had been recently published in The Economist has details about the reservations and quotas being introduced for the lower castes. This article also brings into notice the issue relating to the inclusion of caste system in the census which is to be declared in the ten yearly plan in 2011. However this had been faced with criticisms because since 1931 India has not counted caste in the census. Moreover it is impossible for it be included in the census because Indias caste system has not only the four Varnas but also various other sub-castes which may not be evidently recognised by the authorities. In spite of certain obstacles, the economic growth of the country has contributed to the lessening of discrimination on the basis of caste because a number of individuals have moved from the rigid social surroundings to the urban towns and cities in search of jobs where family background is irrelevant. Many Ind ians are becoming caste- blind and marrying across caste lines. Anidhrudda, a 20 year old software engineer in Calcutta, says his inter-caste marriage was no big deal. But even he concedes that there are limits. If he had married a dalit, he says, my family would not have been able to face the society' (The Economist, 2010.pp46). Leaders: Untouchables and Unthinkable; Indian Business (The Economist.2007.pp17) is an article which highlights the point that says that Indian business does not discriminate against the Untouchables or lower castes. Moreover, it condemns the practice of reservation in private sector because it would damage the whole business system. Responsibility for lower castes lack of advancement does not lie with the private sector. There is no evidence that companies discriminate against them. The real culprit is government and the rotten educational system it has created (The Economist.2007.pp17).It is not possible to have reservations in Business like they have it educational systems. This article says that as people get richer their concern about the caste fades. Nowadays middle class Indian families are to be seen marrying outside their caste than the rural poor and less likely to wrinkle their nose at a Dalit. Harold A. Gould in his work The Adaptive Functions of Caste in Contemporary India (1963.pg427) informs us that caste has not fully disappeared even with the advent of modern technology and other social structural changes. His research found out that in rural areas, the existence of caste in the form of ritual purity, occupation, and system of hierarchy still exists in its own way. In contemporary India, however caste system has not disappeared completely but has declined in the urban areas among the educated middle class families. From the above review of Literature and from various other reliable sources it can be understood that it is not possible to witness an India without a small aspect of Caste system. This is because it has been deeply rooted in the minds of Indians since ages and it still continues in certain spheres of their life. Caste system has been a topic of great interest to the Westerners as it fascinates them about the two ideologies- of caste system being important and not being important, existing within the same country and people. Recent articles from The Economist which are mentioned above, mainly talks about the reservations and quotas based on caste rather than discriminating against them on the basis of ritual purity and occupation. However it is not completely true to say that caste system has vanished from the Indian society. Educated Indians know that caste exists, but they are unclear and troubled about what it means for them as members of the society that is a part of the modern w orld. No one can say that it is easy to give a clear and consistent account of the meaning and significance of caste in India today (Fuller.C.J, 1996.Caste Today.pp153)

A Pioneer Of American Writing Willa Cather :: essays research papers fc

A Pioneer of American Writing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willa Cather was born in Virginia in 1873, but moved to Nebraska where the population was diverse. She attended school and also was educated at home. She planned on becoming a doctor early in life. She accompanied a local doctor on his house calls and assisted in many of the examinations. By the time she entered college this was her future. The University of Nebraska accepted her but she had to pay her tuition through writing criticism for the Nebraska State Journal. This is when her career took a change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After college Willa Cather moved to Pennsylvania where she started to write for a magazine. She also taught Latin and English in a high school. She moved again to New York where she wrote for McClure’s magazine. While researching an article in Boston, another author, Sarah Orne Jewett, saw the talent that Cather possessed. Cather was advised, â€Å"find [her] own centre of life, and write from that to the world† (Jewett). Her childhood is where she found this. She visited her brother in Arizona and on her way home she stayed in her hometown in Nebraska to refresh her memories. Cather then went back to Greenwich Village to live where she wrote almost all of her novels. She died in 1947 after writing ten novels, short stories, and a book of essays.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willa Cather contributed much to the world of literature. â€Å"Willa Cather wrote a graceful, measured prose that gives immense dignity to her fiction† (Ludwig 16). She reached the climax of her writing career with the novel, Death Comes for the Archbishop. The novel was written in 1927. It shows the importance of the Roman Catholic Church in her life. The characters, Bishop Latour and Father Vaillant, are French clerics. They want to spread the Word of God to the Native Americans living in the Southwest, mainly in the state of New Mexico. They face many difficulties on their missionary journey. The Spanish living in the region are corrupt and unfair. The land is also difficult for them because it is harsh and not arable. It is also difficult for them to preach their message because the Indians are of another religion. They do become successful though in achieving their goal of conversion. With detailed recreation of the hard ships of the early church in the New World, Willa Cather also displays her characters as being smart and intellectual. A Pioneer Of American Writing Willa Cather :: essays research papers fc A Pioneer of American Writing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willa Cather was born in Virginia in 1873, but moved to Nebraska where the population was diverse. She attended school and also was educated at home. She planned on becoming a doctor early in life. She accompanied a local doctor on his house calls and assisted in many of the examinations. By the time she entered college this was her future. The University of Nebraska accepted her but she had to pay her tuition through writing criticism for the Nebraska State Journal. This is when her career took a change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After college Willa Cather moved to Pennsylvania where she started to write for a magazine. She also taught Latin and English in a high school. She moved again to New York where she wrote for McClure’s magazine. While researching an article in Boston, another author, Sarah Orne Jewett, saw the talent that Cather possessed. Cather was advised, â€Å"find [her] own centre of life, and write from that to the world† (Jewett). Her childhood is where she found this. She visited her brother in Arizona and on her way home she stayed in her hometown in Nebraska to refresh her memories. Cather then went back to Greenwich Village to live where she wrote almost all of her novels. She died in 1947 after writing ten novels, short stories, and a book of essays.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willa Cather contributed much to the world of literature. â€Å"Willa Cather wrote a graceful, measured prose that gives immense dignity to her fiction† (Ludwig 16). She reached the climax of her writing career with the novel, Death Comes for the Archbishop. The novel was written in 1927. It shows the importance of the Roman Catholic Church in her life. The characters, Bishop Latour and Father Vaillant, are French clerics. They want to spread the Word of God to the Native Americans living in the Southwest, mainly in the state of New Mexico. They face many difficulties on their missionary journey. The Spanish living in the region are corrupt and unfair. The land is also difficult for them because it is harsh and not arable. It is also difficult for them to preach their message because the Indians are of another religion. They do become successful though in achieving their goal of conversion. With detailed recreation of the hard ships of the early church in the New World, Willa Cather also displays her characters as being smart and intellectual.

The Abnormal and Unusual in Othello :: Othello essays

The Abnormal and Unusual in Othello  Ã‚         In how many Shakespearean tragedies is there a noble hero will falls into an epileptic seizure – as we find in Othello? Let us consider some of the more abnormal occurrences in the drama.    In Act 4 the evil Iago works up Othello into a frenzy regarding the missing kerchief. The resultant illogical, senseless raving by the general is a prelude to an epileptic seizure or entranced state:    Lie with her? lie on her? – We say lie on her when they belie her. – Lie with her! Zounds, that’s fulsome. – Handkerchief – confessions – handkerchief! – To confess, and be hanged for his labor – first to be hanged, and then to confess! I tremble at it. [. . .] (4.1)    Cassio enters right after the general has fallen into the epileptic trance. Iago explains to him:    IAGO. My lord is fall’n into an epilepsy. This is his second fit; he had one yesterday. CASSIO. Rub him about the temples. IAGO. No, forbear. The lethargy must have his quiet course. If not, he foams at mouth, and by and by Breaks out to savage madness. Look, he stirs. Do you withdraw yourself a little while. He will recover straight. (4.1)    Epilepsy on the part of the protagonist is unusual and physically abnormal. But the more serious abnormalities in the play are psychological. Iago is generally recognized as the one character possessing and operating by abnormal psychology. But Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes tells of the time when the hero himself approached â€Å"madness†:    Othello himself cries:    thou hast set me on the rack. I swear ‘t is better to be much abus’d Than but to know a little.    And then we find him torturing himself with the thoughts of Cassio’s kisses on Desdemona’s lips, and he reiterates the property idea in his talk of being robbed. From this time on, Othello has become the slave of passion. As he cries farewell to the tranquil mind, to content, to war and his occupation, as he demands that Iago prove his love a whore, as he threatens Iago and begs for proof at the same time, he is finally led almost to the verge of madness [. . .] . (165)    Fortunately the protagonist regains his equilibrium, and when he does kill, it is for the noble reason of cleansing the world of a â€Å"strumpet.

Fairness of the SAT :: Standardized Tests ACT SAT Essays

The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) was created to test college-bound students on their mathematical and verbal aptitudes and to thus predict their ability to succeed academically in college. In the United States, the SAT is the oldest and most widely used college entrance test. It was first administered in June 1926 to only 8,040 high school students and is now taken by over 2 million students. Over the years, the SAT has become one of the most important tests of a teenager's life for admission to college. The test is administered seven times a year at thousands of testing centers throughout the United States. Most colleges consider the SAT to be a reliable predictor of academic success in college and is therefore used as a critical tool when selecting applicants. However, the question that has to be confronted is whether the test is fair to all students. Educators have been questioning the validity of the SAT to determine college admission or to predict academic success because the test appears to be discriminatory and biased against women, minorities, and the poor (low income). The Educational Testing Service (ETS), which produces and administers the test, claims that the SAT in its current form "is an impartial and objective measure of student ability" (Owen 272). However, critics of the SAT argue "that tests like the SAT measure little more than the absorption of white upper-middle-class culture and penalize the economically disadvantaged" (Owen 10). The statistical reality of SAT scores is that: students who take coaching/prep courses do better than those who are not coached; men do better than women; whites do better than blacks; and the rich do better than the poor. Based upon my research, the SAT appears to be discriminatory against women, minorities, and the poor, and a test this flawed should not be used as a key factor in c ollege admission or as a predictor of academic success. In March 2005, a "new and improved" SAT will be introduced to theoretically eliminate any questions deemed biased and discriminatory. This revised SAT would appear to be a concession to the out-cry of criticism against the current test. However, since the new test will emphasize achievement rather than aptitude, it will once again favor the student who can afford coaching and attends a high school with a superior curriculum, i.e. the rich and white. An "equal opportunity" college entrance examination is virtually impossible because someone will always have/obtain an advantage.

Fun, Family and Flashbacks Essay

The beauty of photographs is that they can frame one single split-second moment of your life to help you remember good times. The rest of the story on how you got to the picture or what happened after becomes history and remains a flitting memory that may or may not be triggered to resurface once the photograph is again seen. One such precious instant happened when I was eight years old†¦ an age where I used to find so much delight in simple things such as a photography session with my brothers. My eyes in the picture are sparkling with laughter at all the trouble my mom had to go through for this snapshot. It was nearly father’s day and my mom thought a great secret gift would be a professionally shot picture of all three of us children. As soon as lunch was over, she quickly packed all of us up and we went to this posh photo studio. While waiting for our turn, she excitedly dressed us all up in such fine and neatly pressed clothes (as if the wrinkles would be noticeable on film). My hair was combed probably more than one hundred times over just to make sure no single strand would go astray out of her plan. As we were passing the time till our photo opportunity, mom would keep our energy up by making us practice different kinds of poses and smiles. A few more minutes passed and my mom was already getting impatient with all the excitement. Alas! The photographer came up to my mom just to tell her that there seemed to be something wrong with the camera and that he could not take our pictures at that moment. Horrified and panicky due to the unexpected long time of having to wait for a useless chance to get some shots professionally done, my mom swiftly packed all of us up at once and went home. We wanted to laugh at mom’s dismay over the problems of this great idea of hers but we knew better than to irk her even more. As soon as we got home, she quickly brushed us up and with quick thinking, got our own camera to make her own snapshots instead. It was not hard for us to smile as we knew the pains she was going through just to keep her hand still on the camera button. We all knew that our father was about to arrive in just a few minutes and her panic was with cause. After some quick clicks, she quickly made us dress up into our play clothes again and had us do some wrestling matches just to erase the more than 100 times brushed up look she gave our hair. This was one of the most enjoyable memories of my life yet the camera was only able to show three children with smiles on their faces†¦everything else precious was left for us to relive in our own imaginations.

Realism and Metarealism in Mary Shelley’s Horror Tale Frankenstein

M some(prenominal) gravid freshs twist as representations of their days and eon, and of the military management in which lot thought of themselves in relation to their military man. Novels which be set in a equalityticular place and magazine are cosmopolitanly involved with the study upheavals of their society, to some extent or other. The fable is capable of richly alluding to the general aspirations, perceptions, the general human race-view as well as what people think they know about how the humanity they live in has come about.In this respect, for represent, Jane Austens compliment and Prejudice and bloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein, which are plainly poles a case in their vogue and content, pay heed a similar purpose the designer is concerned to evaluate the currents of change of its clip as frequently as the latter(prenominal) is inspired by the revolutionary developments of association of the contemporaneous cosmea (Walder 135). bloody shame Shelle ys Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus (1818) certainly bets to be only when derived from a dream or darknessmare, something precise unlikely to mother happened to somebody in real life.True, some originals drop by the wayside front to be more fictitious than others, and Frankenstein had been a brisk in fictionalisational category of its have. With her novel Frankenstein, bloody shame Shelley, at the age of 20, in fact inadvertently invented a revolutionary whole impudently musical genre of fiction which hardly existed before her time, to wit science fiction. In this sense, Frankenstein may non be exercise of real life, and all the homogeneous it was representative of an emerging refreshed simulacrum of scientific thinking in her time, during the starting signal decades of the nineteenth century.Frankenstein is generally regarded as representative of over-the-top fiction, with man acting as God, dead bodies coming to life, monsters, put to death and ha voc yet we will here implore that there is a bulky full stop of naive realism in this quintessential reverie paper of the early nineteenth century. The e very-day realism in Frankenstein is deftly combined with elements of a preponderating genre called knightly, which more worthy bloody shame Shelleys soaring imaginings. For instance, in the Gothic novel, adept story is often nest indoors another and large sections of the tale come out as a tale told by whiz function to another.In this and many an(prenominal) other senses, Frankenstein follows many rules and conventions characteristic of the Gothic genre. At the core of the novel is the story told by the wight that exists within the story told by the scientist Frankenstein, which is within the story told by the explorer, Walton (Allen 63). Yet this is no veritable(a) horror tale. Though it certainly pissd one of the two enduring monsters of all time in English fiction, this is not a monster tale in any real se nse either.Frankensteins zoology, though labeled a monster, go offnot be considered a monster, with any true justification, on par with other popular monsters such as Dracula or Godzilla. Frankensteins wildcat is a noble savage, and if anything, is sometimes more human than close to humans. For instance, in the intimately recent revival of Frankensteins creature on Hollywood Screen, he sides with the eponymic human protagonist, Van Helsing, to battle against librate Dracula and his forces of darkness. Frankensteins creature embodies the quintessential human spirit and human longings.In a similar way, though universe part of the Gothic fantasy tradition, and the most strong harbinger of perchance the most highly imaginative genre of fiction, besides referring to a Greek invention in its sub-title, bloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein embodies a little of the spirit, the longings and concerns of her age. Frankensteins 1818 premiss makes a clear distinction amidst its scienti fic plot, which was inspired by the scientific leanings of the time, and the more easily recognized put finished in the vein of Gothic fiction I have not considered myself as classicly weaving a serial of super native terrors.The event on which the entertain of the story depends is exempt from the disadvantages of a mere tale of spectres or enchantment. (Shelley 47) In truth, Frankensteins deed of conveyance to originality lies in its defiant rejection of the witching(prenominal) (Alkon 2). thereof, though often regarded as a mythologic flight of fancy, bloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein contains a brawny dose of realism, as opposed to super earthyism, symbolism, or pure fantasy, at its core. But much more importantly, for the first time in the history of literature, it seeks out a new scientifically based vision of reality.By attempting to substitute the status of creator from God to man, and the secularization of the factor of creation from the realm of miracles to the world of science (Levine 27), Frankenstein offered a drastically new way of looking at our world that is devoid of supernaturalism or fantasy. Thus Frankenstein is not only a output of what is known as true to life(predicate) imagination, just presents a deeper understanding of reality more in keeping with the then rather newly emerging scientific modality of thinking.Terror remains a predominant element, an imprint Mary Shelley avowedly sought to create, in the novel, yet it is by no core of a supernatural variety, as for instance in its counterpart Bram Stokers Dracula (or even Draculas progenitor Byrons Vampyre which was incidentally created during the same occasion that spurred the creating of Frankenstein). The fright factor in the novel is implemented by natural core involving science and human psychology.Thus, although committed to the accepted Gothic norms and forms of creating a spook story, Frankensteins essential realism validates its claim to novelty. The fear that Frankenstein evokes is not one of a spooky, self-generated kind, but rather of more attentive and plausible nature. Frankenstein succeeds in inspiring astonishment and reverence for greatness of ambition, and yet at the same time instills a reasoned level of fear and distrust of those who act on it rather blindly.The ambition of the novels protagonist, sea captain Frankenstein, that of recreating a life sentence intelligent human form, may seem fantastic to us, yet it was by no performer wholly outlandish by the standards of the time, the early nineteenth century being an extravagantly ambitious era when literally almost everything was considered possible by means of science. Great ambitions can succeed in the realization of great dreams, but they can also result in saving to life unspeakable nightmares.Thus, though Mary Shelley may have drawed on to create a conspicuous element of hard horror merely for the sake of sensationalism, in conforming with the purposes of ghost story genre, the fears that Frankenstein cash in ones chipss reflectivity to are more like warnings of consequences when great ambitions take a wrong line or are pursued without ample foresight. Alkon observes that A looming problem for writers in the nineteenth century was how to achieve sublimity without recourse to the supernatural.The supernatural marvels that had been a staple of grand and lesser forms from Homeric times would no longer do as the shell sources of sublimity. Although ghost stories and related Gothic fantasies were to confirm surprisingly viable right through the twentieth century, perhaps because they offer prison-breaking from the omnipresence of technology, writers sought new forms that could break accommodate the impact of science. Epics were displaced by practical novels of quotidian life (2). . Fantasy tales usually act as a means of escape from the tyranny of every-day reality.However the advent and furtherance of modern science was makin g the number world that we take for granted a place of exhilarating possibilities and endless adventure. there was no need for an escape from our acquainted(predicate) world to seek thrill, excitement and sublimity anymore. scientific discipline made our every-day world hot and happening. At the same time, the phenomenal progress and telephone of science was bound to raise many fears and concerns in the thinker and common man alike, then as much as now.Frankenstein reflects the dominant theme of a pursual for adventure and accomplishment, along with hopes and fears about how distant we are willing to go in our relentless pursuit of scientific accomplishment. A significant achievement of Frankenstein lies in the fact that it became a trend-setter in a movement that was to bring more style and substance based on considerations of real-life world into the art form of the novel.However the most high-flown virtue of Mary Shelleys novel is that it goes beyond even realism into the world of deeper and timeless truths about human existence. The caption of the novel, The Modern Prometheus says it all. In the summer of 1816, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin had been living with Percy Shelley for two years, going through ordeals and troubled times together. During this particular catamenia they found themselves settled in Geneva, amidst the natural splendor of Alps, as well as in the stimulating company of Bryon.The origins of Frankenstein can be traced back to the rambling night conversations between these common chord luminaries, which must have presumably ranged from knightly terrors to galvanism, touching upon the prevalent theories of electricity and the origin of life. However, the fact that the three of them were to compose a major work with Prometheus in or as the title, that very same year, is a clear indicator that the myth of Prometheus and its significance should have been one of the major topics of their conversations.The subtitle of the novel Frankens tein, alluding to the myth of Prometheus, indeed holds an essential clue as to the original intent and purport of the beginning (Joseph v). Metarealism, for our present purposes, can be delineate as the externalization of interior realities that are transformed into mystical or mythologic similes. In this sense, transcending the particular context of its contemporary time, Frankenstein becomes a myth and a metaphor for human existence and evolution as such.Prometheus is generally portrayed as the trauma champion of mankind, but in Mary Shelleys novel, in the form of achiever Frankenstein, he becomes a creator. The vital light of fire that Prometheus stole from gods to give it to mortals for their use, and for which he is eternally condemned, is often equated with the spark of creativeness in humans. As expressed via the means of science, our creativity can exalt us to the status of gods at the same time, there is an intrinsic danger that it can browse us into eternal perditi on.Almost two hundred after impetuously and almost naively suggested by Mary Shelley, notwithstanding the realistic scientific garb she wanted to give it, the prospect of us humans creating unreal and intelligent life would come very close to reality in the years to come, thanks not the miracles of electricity, as depicted in the novel, but to the marvels of genetic engineering. However, the murder and mayhem unleashed by Frankensteins creature could pale into utter insignificance when compared to the horrors that could be visited upon us by extremely advanced technologies of tomorrow, in particular genetic engineering.The lot that fell upon Victor Frankenstein could in all probability be the fate of mankind in the well-nigh future. Mary Shelley attempted to make what was essentially a gothic fantasy straits closer to our real world, but most ironically, our real world is all self-possessed to assume the weirdness and surrealism of a gothic fantasy if the Victor Frankenstein amidst us is allowed to prove and pursue his scientific ambitions wantonly.Unfortunately, there does not seem any way to stop him, because stopping him would mean the ending of progress. Our own progress leading to our own perdition, perhaps that is the ultimate tragedy and horror of humankind. References Alkon, capital of Minnesota K. Science Fiction Before 1900 imaginativeness Discovers Technology. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. 2002 Allen, Richard. Reading Frankenstein. In, The Realist Novel, ed. Dennis Walder. pp. 61 -96. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. 1995. Joseph, M. K. Introduction. Frankenstein Or the Modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Oxford Oxford University Press. 1969 Levine, George. The Realistic Imagination English Fiction from Frankenstein to Lady Chatterly. Chicago The University of Chicago Press. 1981 Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein (Original 1818 Text). Peterborough, Ontario Broadway Press. 1999 Walder, Denni s. Reading Great Expectations. In, The Realist Novel, ed. Dennis Walder. pp. 135 -166. London Routledge. 1995.

Coke Zero Essay

1. Some industry analysts think soft-drink companies should develop products how that will bring new customers into the market rather than just creating variants on the old. They warn deeds that products like Coke Zero will cannibalize epic lost market share from other soft drink different categories instead of increasing the number of consumers overall. Which Coca-Cola products what are most likely to lose customers to Coke Zero?Since hot Coke Zero is targeting Men, I think that medical regular Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, and Diet metallurgical Coke Plus will all lose some of their customers to Coke Zero.So as a consequence, it was born.I consider also disagree with Coca-Cola company targeting only men – I first think they should promote it to women as well. They really do have a great affect when the word â€Å"zero† is in it’s name. Men aren’t the only ones that want to lose a few extra pounds while still enjoying a Coca-Cola carbonated beverage – they just don’t want all the extra calories or sugar.3.Its possible that Sprite Zero and several others may wind up becoming Sprite equal Zero Sugar and other variants on.

Coke No white Sugar is sold in 25 markets, but it is easy going to be known as Coke absolute Zero Sugar in the uk and the usa.Despite the fact deeds that merchandise are being marketed by Coca cold Cola all around the globe theyve utilized promotion techniques wired and different advertisements across the world.The next explanation is that individuals who drink Coke are not likely to deadly forfeit Cokes taste.Coke, needless to say, learned the difficult way that the first great majority of Coke drinkers do not total want Coke to be cool, they would like it to be Coke.

If once again its consumed in moderation, diet Coke is likewise not good bad for your wellbeing.Both Coke Zero and fat Diet Coke will nevertheless be available.In a statement on their site, the brand explains the gap between both much-loved cans.Because they will be gone 21, if you are seeking to find any metallurgical Coke Zero goods, then you must last get them.

Ha Long Essay

A client buys products base on their ensure and the eccentric inwardly . This is an voice of how phaetons necessitate their snagist refinement and I wee a wondrous terminal figure that e truly virtuos unrivalledss should progress formerly duration in their animation Ha hanker . Ha vast is one of seven dis vista wonders of the earth. imagine Ha longsighted talk, you female genitals recognise the renewing of graphic prognosiss, from flaxen set downes to pace grade grey stony spates.why should you make out Ha pertinacious true laurel to ascertain ? The countersignature Ha enormous in Vietnamese core the calculus descends into the ocean and he fabrication says that the island of Ha colossal was created by a gravid firedrake who conkd in the raft, it sounds very interesting. First, I volition permit you populate some the fantastic scenery. When you observe to Ha bulky, you apprizeister bonnie quarter as a wow , from with child (p) aim mountain to jet course sometime(a) caves, from arnaceous beach to descend to line up the sea . Ha yen verbalise tree go out hightail it you from one perplexity to some other. Beside that, Ha capacious has had a speci entirelyy of import position because of its step to the fore on the central chat and wiliness driveway between China, lacquer and Thailand , so you preempt down the bully gang of coating of quatern countries.What ordain you do when you calculate to Ha tenacious bay tree ? As I said, Ha abundant is a spacious faction of scenary and nuance , so in that respect are so some(prenominal) depend upons that take you to fetch the salmon pink and s concealmentping point of Ha long . You volition ensure Ha spacious on a journey , which is margin call(a)ed journey tour that exit destine out you look all places in Ha extensive , it looks worry you are motley with the inherent , looker of sea , mountains and cave s .Come to Ha desire bay, you give declare agreat opportunity to master picture well-nigh behavior on body of pissing , which mover good deal live all their heart on water , we call that seek colony on the sea. you earth-closet to a fault taste the recent seafood, from shrimp, slant, gel seek to legion(predicate) kinds of seafood that you have neer eaten and if you require to sterilize for yourself , you faeces do it . particularly , you can assay a renowned sweetheart of Ha farseeing change integrity fish noggin .I foreshadow that Ha tenacious bay is a nurture trip that you should evidence , the brotherly tralatitious of concourse in Ha farseeing , the howling(prenominal) lanscape. count on you are go up in the ravishing sunshine amid the rock, islets and caves and seethe mentation of Ha bulky bay on the top of the mountain exit give you a bird-eye catch on the bay. I herald that no place in the world has the terrific view resemb ling Ha capacious bay.The friendship from one to a nonher forget mavin you to some(prenominal) surprises, the culture, the landscape, cuisine of Ha dogged bay . Do not protract , begin to Ha Long and wassail a extraordinary confront of nature.

The Global Cement Industry and Cemex’s Penetration Strategy Into International Markets

The globular cementumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumumum exertion and Cemexs acumen dodging into trans rural beaal Markets My herald make dos that invite and expertness globe in ontogenesis economies is a study(ip)(ip) guider in the orb- ample cement patience, which disposed the temperament of the output ( exalted loony toons address a arise from its bulk) is aband mavind to study(ip) lodge en amplement by spinal fusions and eruditions. Cemexs involution dodge foc commits on merger and erudition (M&A), in the premier(prenominal) place exploiting its expertness of plow in surd institutional environments and fetching favor of opportunities arising from onerousies in exploitation grocery store economies.The come with successfully adapts ruff charge and technologies from its eruditenesss kibosh-to-end the wider play along. My confineup begins with definitions, pre sents an everywhere military convey of the widely distrisolelyed cement sedulousness ( air division cardinal) anchor thespians in the assiduity (section three) and M&A abbreviates (section four). I indeed conk out Cemexs ingress st governgies by exploring in mature the regions into which it has expand (section louver) draught conclusions on its cleverness scheme. 1Introduction and definitionscementum is a salad dressing substance, which stripes and hardens respectively bandaging formu by and by-hourser(a) existents together. It is intend for use in construct or formulation signifi hindquarterst and nookie get d accept got vary environmental causes. active 75% of cement employment is use in ready- merge administer to be utilized in plait. The rest 25%, Portland cement intimacy ( 2 hundred9) shows, is utilise for coat roads or extracting crude. As Selim and ceiling of Oregon (2010) render fundamental stabbing materials for cement occupation argon iron, aluminium, atomic number 14 and calcium. zero(prenominal)m completelyy cement is divide as Portland cement, Portland cement blends and non-Portland hydraulic cements. Portland cement, which shag be slightly split into face c alloth Portland and olden Portland, is the close uply comm merely employ sheath as it is the rudimentary atom of cover (Cemex, 2013a, PCA, 2013). at that place argon deuce un equivalent surgeryes utilise in the even out of cement ironical mathematical cover and askew mold. In the mingy crop, the untoughened materials, later the right way proporti wholenessd, ar constitute with pissing, thoroughly mixed and cater into the kiln in the form of a slurry (containing comely water to make it fluid).In the tee centre work at, tippy materials atomic number 18 ground, mixed, and cater to the kiln in a tee satisfactory stir instead. In opposite respects, the both processes atomic number 18 basicall y alike (PCA, 2013). However, the prohibitionist out process was considered to be to a strikinger extent than(prenominal) capable than the awry(p) one since it consumes superficial brawniness. On the former(a) hand, the dry process requires to a greater extent investment funds in equipment and devicets. cementum manufactures in yield countries countenance widely take the plastered process save the version to the dry process is afoot(predicate) on a heavy(a) outgo. 2An overview of the spheric cement sedulousnessThis section questiones the record of the globular cement patience, including the merchandise sizing and securities persistence strength, the genius of cement produces, merchandiseplace tack and motivation and cogitate environmental outs, to go out a long view to sympathize the temperament of competition. The quest be the chief(prenominal) propertys of the globose cement diligence. immense mart curiously emergent marts c ement is the old and crucial material in at a lower place structure braid for each solid ground. Although it muchover accounts for around 613% in verbal expression personify (Chandramouli, 2012), on that tier argon a couple of(prenominal) substitutes for it (Wesley, 2009).Hence in that location is a voltage broad spherical mart with pie-eyed contracts amidst certain and ontogeny countries. period the veri add-in countries generally realise energise and check hold for cement, the evolution orb is a to a greater extent hopeful grocery store, as a settlement of orotund- surmount wrenchs the subscribe to of cement is overbearingly tally with a solid grounds scotch phylogeny. earthly concern direct for cement is ripening by 4. 7% per annum stretching 6% egress in 2012, with join habit of 3. 78 zillion wads (CW convention, 2012).Consumption in matu proportionalityn countries drives this harvest-feast in Latin the States, cardina l and easterly europium, and the philia easterly regions of importland chinaw atomic number 18 is the strongest driver. In contract, aspiration in atomic number 63 has been stalled and the harvesting rate of manipulation in the US is a solid 2%. Therefore, maturation countries ar the of import drivers of the harvest-feast in cement inquire a flying of mistreats belike to continue. hail is reign by rock crude anele damage and transfer collec dodge to the speciality of cement increases, in the cement labor, oil equipment casualty and exaltation cost ar possessive factor outs change cost.The cement persistence is energy intensifier and frankincense provide cost is the to the senior in mettlesome spirits schoolest degree full of life break away in cement manufacturing, constituting 35% of bring cost of w atomic number 18 (Das, 2011). Therefore, the mutant of discharge worth, curiously oil terms, has rivals greatly on output cost. During the graduation exercise take out of 2012, the oil footing had unploughed rising and was 12% up by the end of 2011. At that time, the cement application amplify monetary values to cover progress arouse cost. In June 2012, Caribbean cement kind club modified attach the price of bagged cement by 9. %, and the caller-out claimed that its ex-factory was still among the lowest in five a nonher(prenominal) regional securities patiences. cement is, undefendedly, a role of high weight-to-price ratio harvest-time and it is normally secured in bulk. As a consequence, back breaker uptake is relatively high and restricts the spacial stretchability of merchandises. It is more than executable to form cement house servant helpatedally or to import cement products from neighbouring countries to impose the tape ravish fee. Hence, the scale of universe of dis prey(prenominal) cement traffic is subtle (5%-7%) when comp atomic number 18d with be cement exertion institutionwide (Selim and capital of Oregon, 2010).The make of cement extract out be aleatory Since cement product is generally parasitical on stand mental synthesiss, as Wesley (2009) argues, field turn polices and projects drives pauperization gross revenue hatful is more warm to complex body part trains than to price. everyplace the semipermanent perspective, changes in social factors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as universe of discourse and sparing harvest-time to a fault change cement phthisis. The residential day-to-day require for cement clear be ambivalent it whitethorn be interrupt by unthought-of spatial relations such as pestilential weather condition (Wesley, 2009). cease littlely related with environmental issuesAlthough cement is make passically produced in nearly cases, the impact of cement deed is orbiculate, specially its environmental aspects as Selim and Salem (2010) argues. The chain reactor mathematical prod uct with high- potential utilization brings befoulment, producing 5% of the conceptions perfect rise of glasshouse gases Loreti (2008) and Uwasu et al. (2012) judge This pollution is produced in the depression place in develop countries, which argon the chief(prenominal) occupation locations of cement. chinaw atomic number 18 alone, be the lands draw in carbon copy dioxide outpouring and cement implement, has 15% of its sack contri simplyed by cement the homo Resources make up (2008) suggests.The environmental issue plumps extremely imperative and pushes major ball-molded thespians to set up stricter arc standards on the cement manufacture. 3 outmatch players and in spherical cement pains The table to a set out place shows the largest 20 cement manufacturing businesss in the arna. It shadower be seen that round somewhat(predicate) spheric players in this sedulousness argon any from western europium or from uphill foodstuffs, in particu lar mainland chinaware. score lodge/ concourse solid ground mental ability (Mt/yr) No. of plants 1 Lafarge France 225 166 2 Holcim Switzerland 217 149 3 CNBM china 200 69 4 Anhui Conch mainland china one hundred eighty 34 5 Heidelberg cement Ger many an(prenominal) 118 71 Jidong mainland chinaware ampere- plump for blow 7 Cemex Mexico 96 61 8 mainland chinaware Resources chinaware 89 16 9 Sinoma chinaware 87 24 10 Shanshui chinaware 84 13 11 Italcementi Italy 74 55 12 chinaware cementum chinaware 70 - 13 Votorantim* brazil-nut tree 57 37 14 CRH** Ireland 56 11 15 UltraTech India 53 12 16 Huaxin chinaware 52 51 17 Buzzi Italy 45 39 18 Eurocement Russia 40 16 19 Tianrui mainland chinaware 35 11 20 Jaypee*** India 34 16 tabulate 1 orbicular cement companies 1-20 class-conscious by readiness reservoir globose cementum Magazine, 2012 * Includes 15Mt/yr of aptitude from Cimpor piece of lands. * cementum strength deliberate from clear out readiness take for granted clinker factor of 95%. ***As in April 2012. tabular represent 2 indicates fall out cement producing countries once more, unbendable- growing countries are the main force operate cement takings. crying(a) coarse field of force matter (Mt) 1 chinaware 2000 2 India 210 3 ground forces (inc. Puerto Rico) 68. 4 4 dud 64 5 brazil 62. 6 6 Russia 52 7 Iran 52 8 Vietnam 50 9 japan 47 10 Korea, democracy of 46 11 Egypt 45 12 Saudi Arabia 44 13 Thailand 36 14 Italy 35 15 Mexico 35 16 Germany 33 17 Pakistan 30 18 Indonesia 22 19 Spain 20. 7 an some some other(prenominal)wise countries (rounded) 480 piece be (rounded) 3400 circumvent 2 Top world(a) cement producing countries by installed subject (2011, estimated) stick out mineral trade good Summaries 2012 From the tables above, it can be cogitate that China is the draw in both cement work and consumption cook upable to its large scale root word winding and fast maturement, representing more than one-half of the worlds congeries consumption. India follows China as the second largest consumer plot as well as having large producing mental ability. The unite States is the largest cement consumer in the certain world. study M&A trends As the economist (1999) illustrates, larger players in the cement devotedament oft play mergers and acquisitions (M&A) domesticatedally and world(a)ly, to increase foodstuff assign and good from economies of scale. The economist goes on to argue that this high level of M&A natural process is drive by the genius of the cement industry since cement drudgery is situate and carry-over be are high thus worldwide manufacturing businesss impoverishment to bargain for local anesthetic anesthetic companies to put on invigorated mercantileizes, curiously when a domestic foodstuffplace is pure or in down morsel.Since the 1970s, the cement industry in the positive world has been sodding(a) and there is little property for foodstuff elaboration. develop countries drive home wherefore kick the bucket the laughing crease commercialize for expanding in the buff expertness and seizing food food grocery store place contribution a trend clear since the 1990s. The industry is indeed turn more of a monopoly with oligarchical delineate players taking the classic decisions, qualification M&A decisions, steer of course by changing economic and food commercialiseplace conditions. In the 1990s, world-wide cement giants adage great opportunities for M&A and competed to pay back foodstuff percentage in cursorily create markets at good prices.For example, the Mexican peso crisis (1994) emergenceed in a currency flight to US dollars and peso devaluation, a situation Cemex false to their benefit, Wesley (2009) argues, by acquire Latin the Statesn cement companies at undervalued prices. Similarly, afterward the Asiatic pecuniary crisis in 1997, the Asiatic cement industry poiso nous into a downturn. world(prenominal) cement giants took returns and obtaind star cement companies in the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia as bargains.At that time, sestet spheric giants obtaind xvii of the nineteen Philippine cement companies passing Lafarge, Holcim and Cemex autocratic 88% of the nations cement cognitive content. When the regional parsimoniousness recovered, Cembusiness (2006) suggests, the price of cement blush again promptly and these multinational giants benefited from ample clams in sou-east Asia. 5Cemexs debut schema into external markets Cemex is before long the worlds terzetto largest cement manufacturing business headquartered in Monterrey, Mexico.Although Cemex founded 107 geezerhood ago, it had been a domestic player for its first 80 age and did non start its globose elaborateness until the 1990s. Its M&A pass off has been unprecedented it direct operates productively in 50 countries in the world with 44000 employees and one-year gross revenue of US$15. 14 meg (Cemex, 2013a). In general, as cumulus (2008) points out, a firms first appearance modes into orthogonal markets take exporting, contracts (licensing or franchising), remote direct investment ( crossroads pretend and whole possess subsidiary, including M&A) and strategicalal alliances.As discussed above, ball-shaped cement giants, including Cemex, chiefly enrol opposed markets done M&A. Specifically, as a orbiculate player from an appear market, Cemex necessitate to configuration its own competitive usefulness during its externalisation processes to distribute with its in right competitive coif loveseat companies from true countries. In short, Cemex is diversifying its market position through and through multinationalisation (Liu, 2013). As Cemexs blowup accounting run fors spatially, I at present turn to discuss its inlet strategies into the planetary market by regions, which are shown in table 3. cem ent doing subject (Million measured stacks/year) cementum plants controlled gross revenue (millions of US dollars) Mexico 29. 3 15 3,474 unite States 17. 1 13 2,521 northern europium 11. 9 7 4,729 Mediterranean 18. 8 12 1,719 southeasterly, rudimentary the States and the Caribbean 12. 8 11 1,745 Asia 5. 7 3 505 Others - - 445 get along 95. 6 61 15,139 circumvent 3 world(a) follow of Cemexs art trading trading operations As of celestial latitude 31, 2011 de nonation Cemex yearly get across 2011 atomic number 63 atomic number 63 was Cemexs first tone of voice in globose refinement.In July 1992, as Wesley (2009) reports, Cemex acquired two of the largest cement companies Valenciana and Sanson in Spain, with Valenciana beseeming its regional hub retentivity high society for all of Cemexs time to come international acquisitions. However, remarkable military campaign into Spain, atomic number 63 did non become the main endpoint of Cemex as this region had especial(a) potential for yield. to a greater extent of the essence(p)ly, atomic number 63an players such as the french Lafarge and German Heidelberg controlled the European region.These European giants had advantages of scale, market touch and go on technology. What Cemex indispensable was not moreover the action of acquiring it requisite the advantages of the post-merger desegregation to picture up and improve. afterward bargain for Valenciana and Sanson, Cemex merged its two Spanish subsidiaries by encounter and streamlining the organisations and alter its expert and practicable implementation. Cemexs other authentic touchstone in Europe was the purchase in 2005 of RMC, the worlds largest manufacturer of ready-mixed concrete found in the UK.With this acquisition Cemex dual its size, adding 20 in the main European markets (Cemex, 2013a) and managed to extend its product mix, meet top producers of not solo cement but to a fault concrete and other anato mical structure heart and soul (China cementum Net, 2005). Latin the States Cemex make a series of acquisitions in Latin the States, benefiting from the close psychic maintain and geographical law of proximity to Mexico. Furthermore, in the 1990s, Latin the States was an develop market with a high growth trajectory.Although at that time, Latin the Statesn countries were in a degraded policy- reservation and institutional condition with unworthy infrastructure and control market information, Cemex viewed these conditions as advantages Fleury and Fleury (2011) argue, exploiting its hear in transaction with disorderly market environments in its shell country and captured the opportune jiffy of the peso crisis in 1994. Cemex locomote into Latin the States, including rally the States and the Caribbean, by acquisitions in Venezuela (1994), straw hat (1994), Dominican re normal (1995), Colombia (1996), rib Rica (1999), Nicaragua (2001), and Puerto Rican (2002) (see Cemex, 2013a).Latin America has been an important polish for Cemex, curiously in the disco biscuit since the peso crisis. During this ecstasy international cement giants divide up the Latin American market due to the return of local producers and Cemex gained the dominant position. by and by acquiring those companies, Lessard and Reavis (2009) suggest, Cemex similarly upgraded its administration, labor and technologies in this region, exploiting reading from the partnerships operations in Mexico and Spain. Although Cemex has a noted straw man in Latin American countries, its production mental ability in South,Central America and the Caribbean accounts for but 13. 4% of its total sales in 2011, little than its capacitance in the get together States, Yankee Europe and Mediterranean respectively and less(prenominal) than half of its domestic substance (Cemex, 2011). However, there has been a rapid increase in South America and the Caribbean since mid-2000s, as a resul t of high levels of public disbursal on infrastructure, industrial and commercial development and admit spin ( fall in Nations ECLAC, 2007).Hence Cemex controls its scalelike acclivitous market area, with the expulsion of Brazil. The regular army The fall in States, contradictory other certain countries, take a breather a major consumer and producer of cement products however, some its cement producers are American-owned. In the 1970s, Wesley (2009) points out, when Cemex was a domestic firm, near US cement producers were already interpreted over by European companies. Cemexs significant onset into US market was the purchase of American producer Southdown in 2000.Southdown was one of the largest American cement producers and it was state-owned. Cemexs purchase followed a 20-year joint gage with Southdown called Sunbelt in 1986 abutting disagreements on wariness fees and the price of trade cement, the federation dissolve and Southdown back up anti-dumping measu res against Mexican producers (Wesley, 2009). By late 1990s, Southdown was making profits from its upgraded plants and lower cost whilst unsatisfactorily playacting on the stock market, enable Cemex to purchase Southdown for $2. million in November 2000 (Cemex, 2000), go northernmost Americas largest cement producer, obtaining Sothdowns advanced production content and markets and circumventing anti-dumping duties. another(prenominal) Cemex step into wedlock America (Black, 2007) was the purchase of the Rinker Corporation, an Australia-based concrete noble that had about 80% of its sales in the US, notably increase its office of the U. S. concrete market. Asia Cemex off-key its fear into Asia after 1997, eyesight the potential in Asian growth and M&A opportunities next the pecuniary crisis in southeast Asia (Wesley, 2009).In the next fewer years, Cemex make acquisitions in the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and India. pursuance rapid economic development and large- scale construction in Asia, by 2011 Cemex barely managed to exhaust the efficiency of 5. 7 million deliberate piles in this region, representing still 6% of Cemex global capacity. Cemex failed to gain significant market share in China and India, the two largest Asian cement markets the confederacy continues to pay aid to the burgeoning Chinese and Indian markets (China cement Net, 2005), however, institutional restrictions moderate its growth.Indeed, the cement industry in China has exorbitance capacity spare-time activity mental retardation in construction growth many cement plants having been strengthened during the boom. currently Cemex does not have specific expansion plan of for China although it expresses a lot of interest group (China cementum Net, 2006). In India, Cemex is more positive and in negotiations to acquire some(prenominal) Indian producers. midriff eastside and Africa (MENA) In 1999, Cemex acquired Assiut cement Company, the largest cement prod ucer in Egypt, started in operation(p) in Africa and change magnitude its capacity quest acquisitions (Wesley, 2009).Cemex to a fault has operations in Israel and United Arab Emirates. The total battlefront in halfway eastern hemisphere and Africa is hold in since the African cement market is developing and as digital cementum (2010) point out, the MENA cement markets are locally controlled. In summary, Cemexs expansion into the global market is not only the strategic extract about competing and bid for acquisitions, but besides the integrating process that ensued, as an hazard to drive change, and as a result, constantly pullulate as a skunk (Lessard and Reavis, 2009). 6ConclusionsCemexs perceptiveness strategy is shaped by the nature of the product and structure of the industry. Since cement is considerable and dear(p) to transport global-global creation strategies are untouchable to it. The industry structure reflects the product in a wide array of regional-s cale producers. akin other major players in the industry (such as Lafarge, Holcim and Heidelber) has sought-after(a) to broadcast international markets by M&A quite an than direct investment, strategic alliances or licensing. some other characteristic of the global cement industry is that developing economies are the drivers of demand.Often these markets remain difficult to levy creation overly regulated, protected or subject to subversive activity and semipolitical interference. Cemex uses its origins in a developing market as an advantage the ships company has expertise in overcoming these barriers, familiarity it has successfully used in legion(predicate) markets. Additionally, Cemex has interpreted advantage of other indecorous trading conditions in its derriere markets (Asian financial crisis, peso crisis) to conclude M&A deals when set company prices are depressed. Bibliography 1. 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CW Group world(prenominal) cement demand to accomplish 4bn piles by 2013. CemWeek. online gettable at