The Civil War and Appalachia

Eric Lane side 1020 Tim Parker 11/9/12 The courtly War and Appalachian geographics Did Appalachian geographics have an core on the civil war? Every major war in history has two things in common a winner and a loser. There are umpteen another(prenominal) factors of war that decide the winner and the loser, some going unnoticed. The geographics of a war has an impacting affect on the war and is sometimes overlooked, often lead to one sides downfall (Falls 5). Appalachia has a fluctuating geography, for it ranges from eroded down, plain-like realms, to mountains areas of up to around 7000 feet (The Appalachians).The Civil War had numerous difference of opinions located in Appalachia, an area stretch from southern parts of in the buff York, all the way down to northern Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi(The Appalachians). Appalachian geography was home to many meshfields of the Civil War, but could this geography actually have had an overall impact? Throughout history, many inviolable wars have been disputed on various types of terrain around the world. Halvard Bugaug and Scott Gates sanction this and have made a claim in the article, The Geography of Civil War, that geographical factors play a critical role in determining how a war is fought and who will prevail.The two most in-chief(postnominal) factors they give are terrain and mood. In the article, Bugaug and Gates both reference the entertain History of Warfare, written by John Keegan, to give examples of how these factors effect wars. Keegan gives many samples of previous generals who have ignored these factors and lead to their catastrophic downfall. One commonly known example given is the French army lead by Napoleon. Napoleon lead his fearfully large army into Russia, not victorious into account Russias fiercely cold prevail.Although they fought, and won, skirmishs located in Russia, the cold weather began to take its toll on Napoleons army, causing them to be greatly washed-out. This weakened state of his army, in turn, lead to the French being defeated and losing the war(Bugaug 418). However, the geography does not always have a negative effect. Keegan also gives samples of gifted generals who took these factors into account, allowing them to give these factors to their advantage(Bugaug 419). Cyril Falls, professor of Military History at the University of Oxford, acknowl adjoins this as well in her journal Geography and War Strategy.The journal discusses how world geography should be a subject of study for a commander and how this geography should find out their war strategies. Mapping out and taste the terrain of a battleground forrader the battle begins is crucial to achieve soldiers success(Falls 5). A general understanding of the battleground gives opportunities to change and adjust military strategies and tactics, which could give an army the edge needed to be victorious (Falls 6). Falls then adds that using the forthcoming natural resources located in the geography of an area has its benefits as well.These resources outhouse be distributed accordingly, supplying the army and possibly allowing them to stretch their campaign(Falls 9). Alex J. La Rocque, writer of the journal The Role of Geography in Military planning has a similar view intend. La Rocque acknowledges that the existence of this relationship mingled with geography and military science is not new. He says that environmental factors, such as relief, climate and weather, vegetation, drainage characteristics, and cultural features can cause military tactic and strategic problems.These elements of the environment have played definitive roles in all wars from those in which the stone hammer was the principal weapon down to the present time(La Rocque 70). La Rocque states that the essential difference between the requirement of geography in tactical planning and strategic planning is similar to the same difference that exists between mapping areal categories on large- scale maps and mapping areal categories on small scale maps. The mappers requirement in presenting information on maps at different scales is determined by his objective.Appalachia has many different geographical conditions that subscribe it eligible to have an effect on the civil war. The appalachian area has many mountain ranges and plain-like areas. The entire system is almost 2000 miles long and three hundred miles wide and ranges from northern Mississippi all the way to southern New York(The Appalachians). These mountains are known as a barrier running east to west as it forms a series of alternating ridglines and valleys oriented in opposition to any road running east-west.The Appalachian Plateau is the west part of appalachia and is bounded by a steep slope on the east called the Allegheny Front(Appalachia and the Ozarks). This front is the most significant barrier to western cause in the country of the Rocky Mountains(Appalachia and the Ozarks). The topography of this re gion has been created largely through go erosion of the horizontal beds of the interior lowland. The following map will charge the appalachian region. Many encounters of the civil war were located in this region, as shown in the map Civil War disputefield map following.Comparison of the two maps shows that many battles were located in appalachia and its geography, giving it potential to have an effect on the war. Wilma A. Dunaway, in his archive, Slavery and Emancipation in the Mountain southern Sources, Evidence and Methods, provides examples of how the Union(the northeastern) and the Confederates(the South) strategically used the Appalachian area. Dunaway states that the mountainous areas of West Virginia allowed for insurrectionist warfare attacks. Both armies grew fatigued from traveling up and down the mountains, leaving them open for attack(Dunaway).In addition, both armies targeted various sites within the region as strategic occupancy points because they were located on major rivers, were railroad junctures, or were the sites of important resources such as the national rifle works, saltworks, mineral springs, or mines(Dunaway). Farms and gunstock were also destroyed and/or pillaged to also be just about beneficial to the armies(Appalachia). One specific battle located in Appalachia is the Battle of Gettysburg. The battle was located in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and lasted for a total of 3 days. later on the head start day the Confederate army was outnumbering the Union and looked as if a victory was inevitable. The Union, after a surprising loss on the first day, was devastated that they had lost nearly half of their troops and retreated up to burying ground Hill and Gulps Hill. There they prepared as much as realistic with the little time they had for an oncoming Confederate attack. Barricades and various other fortifications were construct on the higher grounds, giving Union troops the advantage that was gelid in the battle.The Confeder ate soldiers now had to fight the rest of the gruesome battle now traveling uphill. The video from the History Channel, The Battle of Gettysburg, showed images of many soldiers fight to fight the battle at this disadvantage. They had trouble seeing distances up the hills and were counterbalance known to have had friendly fire on themselves thinking that it was the enemy. After the second day of battle the union was still shorthanded and outnumbered, although they fought off the coadjutor push.The Confederate General, Robert E. Lee, made the decision to lead a large chock up to attack the Union line. Union artillery, who had an extreme range advantage, had what was called target set on the confederate troops, greatly weakening the force. By the time they were in range of the Union line, Confederate troops had been torn apart to the point that retreat was the only option, giving the Union the victory of the Battle of Gettysburg. The battle was the bloodiest ever fought on american soil.The Battle of Gettysburg rallied the North and is what turned the surge of the Civil War. They had the confidence that they could defeat the fearful general Robert E. Lee. The geography of appalachia provided the North with the edge that they needed to take the battle which, in turn, mold the yield of the Civil War. Wars are an important part of history that have shaped the way we live today. War has many factors that decide the winner and the loser, and geography is one that should not be forgotten.Geography has caused aided many armies to victory, and taken many armies to defeat. Appalachian geography varies much over its large spam and proven to be a major factor. The Battle of Gettysburg was a pivotal battle that the North won, due to the large hills that they used to their advantage. Should that geographical advantage be taken away, odds are that the South, outnumbering the North, would have won that battle and changed history. This leads to the question, did Appalachi an geography have an affect on the Civil War?